To effectively combat the scourge of neurodegenerative and other crippling diseases, we require the careful and considered use of nonhuman primates
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| Saliva is taken from a pregnant rhesus macaque monkey infected with Zika at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center in the US. Photograph: Scott Olson/Getty Images
Nonhuman primates have long played a key role in life-changing medical advances. A recent white paper by nine scientific societies in the US produced a list of 50 medical advances from the last 50 years made possible through studies on nonhuman primates. These included: treatments for leprosy, HIV and Parkinson’s; the MMR and hepatitis B vaccines; and earlier diagnosis and better treatment for polycystic ovary syndrome and breast cancer.
The biological similarities between humans and other primates mean that they are sometimes the only effective model for complex neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s. More than 10 million people suffer from Parkinson’s worldwide, and a recent study estimated that one in three people born in 2015 will develop dementia in their lifetime. Primate research offers treatments, and hope for future treatments, to patients and their families. Already over 200,000 Parkinson’s patients have had their life dramatically improved thanks to deep brain stimulation surgery, which reduces the tremors of sufferers. This treatment was developed from research carried out in a few hundred monkeys in the 1980s and 1990s.
Given that primates are intelligent and sensitive animals, such research requires a higher level of ethical justification. The scientific community continues to work together to minimise the suffering of primates wherever possible. We welcome the worldwide effort to replace, refine and reduce the use of primates in research.
We, the undersigned, believe that if we are to effectively combat the scourge of neurodegenerative and other crippling diseases, we will require the careful and considered use of nonhuman primates. Stringent regulations across the developed world exist to ensure that primates are only used where there is no other available model – be that the use of a mouse or a non-animal alternative – and to protect the wellbeing of those animals still required. The use of primates is not undertaken lightly. However, while not all primate research results in a new treatment, it nonetheless plays a role in developing both the basic and applied knowledge that is crucial for medical advances.
Professor Sir John Gurdon Winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 and Lasker Award in 2009
Professor Sir John Walker Winner of Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1997
Sir Colin Blakemore Former Chief Executive of the Medical Research Council
Alim Benabid, MD, PhD Professor Emeritus of Biophysics at Joseph Fourier University, Joint Winner of the 2014 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Mahlon DeLong, MD Professor of Neurology at Emory University School of Medicine, Joint Winner of the 2014 Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Michael Arthur Professor, President & Provost of University College London
Giacomo Rizzolatti Professor, Universita Delgli Studi Di Parma, Italy
Miguel Nicolelis, PhD Professor of Neurobiology at Duke University, Director of Neuroengineering
Signing on behalf of the listed organisations:
Jane F Reckelhoff, PhD President of the American Physiological Society
Cindy Buckmaster, PhD President of Americans for Medical Progress
John Aggleton, PhD, FRS, FMedSci Professor, President of the British Neuroscience Association
Leonard Howell, PhD President, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc
Gregg Stanwood, PhD President of Developmental Neurotoxicology Society
Kirk Leech Executive Director of the European Animal Research Association
Hudson H Freeze, PhD President of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
Barry Everitt, FRS, Fmedsci President of the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies
Matthew Bailey Executive Vice President, Foundation for Biomedical Research
John Hogan, PhD Registrar at Newcastle University
David Eisner, DPhil President of The Physiological Society
Kenneth Sher, PhD President of the Research Society on Alcoholism
Hollis Cline, PhD Professor, President of Society for Neuroscience
Wendy Jarrett Chief Executive of Understanding Animal Research
Signing in a personal capacity:
Christian Abee DVM, DACLAM, Professor and Chair, Department of Veterinary Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, University of Texas, USA
Moshe Abeles, PhD Professor of Neurophysiology, Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Centre, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Alaa Ahmed, PhD Associate Professor of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, USA
María Ángeles Arévalo PhD Neuroscientist, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
Yaneri A Ayala Postdoctoral Fellow. Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico
Jose Manuel Alonso, MD, PhD Distinguished Professor, College of Optometry, State University of New York
Emilio Ambrosio, PhD Full Professor of Psychobiology, Department of Psychobiology, National University for Distance Learning (UNED), Madrid, Spain
Alessandra Angelucci, MD PhD Professor of Opthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah, USA
Chiye Aoki, PhD Professor of Neural Science and Biology, New York University, USA
Matthew Apps, PhD Research Fellow, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
Tipu Aziz, FMedSci Professor of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
Stuart Baker, PhD Professor of Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK
Pavel Balaban, PhD Professor, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology
Fabien Balezeau, PhD Research Associate, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, UK
Shabtai Barash, PhD Professor of Neurophysiology, Deptartment Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Helen Barbas, PhD Professor, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
Izhar Bar-Gad, PhD Associate Professor, Gonda Brain Research Centre, Bar Ilan University, Israel
Michele A Basso, PhD Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurobiology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, Brain Research Institute, University of Callifornia Los Angeles, USA
Francesco Battaglia, PhD Principal Investigator, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
Jérôme Baufreton, PhD CNRS researcher, Institute of Neurogenerative Disorders, University of Bordeaux, France
Mark Baxter, PhD Professor of Neuroscience, Anesthesiology, and Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
Tim Behrens Professor of Computational Neuroscience, University of Oxford, UK
Pascal Belin, PhD Professor of Neuroscience, Aix-Marseille University, France
Camilla Bellone, PhD Assistant Professor, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Andrew H Bell, PhD Laboratory of Social Neuroscience, University of Oxford, UK
Suliann Ben Hamed, PhD Research Director, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS University of Lyon, France
Allyson J Bennett, PhD Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
Michael J Beran, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, USA
Hagai Bergman, MD PhD Professor of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Israel
Erwan Bezard, PhD INSERM Research Director, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bordeaux, France
Eliza Bliss-Moreau, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology, Core Scientist, California National Primate Research Centre, University of California Davis, USA
Ned Block, PhD Silver Professor, Departments of Philosophy, Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, USA
Mollie Bloomsmith, PhD Associate Research Professor, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA
Jean Blouin, PhD CNRS researcher, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Aix-Marseille University
Luca Bonini, PhD Associate Professor of Psychobiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Erie D Boorman, PhD Assistant Professor, Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, USA
Thomas Boraud, MD, PhD Director of Research, Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, CNRS, France
Richard T Born, MD Professor of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, USA
Elena Borra, PhD Researcher, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Annalisa Bosco, PhD Researcher in Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Italy
Fawzi Boumezbeur, PhD MR technologist, CEA, University Paris-Saclay, France
Alan Brady, DVM Associate Professor, Veterinary Sciences, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, USA
Alicia Braxton, DVM Post Doctoral Fellow in Laboratory Animal Medicine, Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
Frank Bremmer, Dr.rer.nat Professor of Neurophysics, University of Marburg
Kenneth H Britten, PhD Professor, Center for Neuroscience and Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California Davis, USA
Thomas Brochier, PhD Research Associate, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, CNRS Marseille, France
Michael Brosch, Dr. rer. nat. Professor, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Germany
Stefania Bruni, PhD Post-Doc, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Mark J Buckley, DPhil Professor of Behavioural and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
Elizabeth A Buffalo, PhD Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine; Chief, Neuroscience Division, Washington National Primate Research Center, USA
Antimo Buonocore, PhD Postdoctoral fellow, Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany
Pierre Burbaud, MD PhD Professor of Physiology Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives (CNRS) Université de Bordeaux, France
Etienne Burdet, PhD Professor, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
Claude Burgoyne, MD Senior Scientist and Van Buskirk Chair for Ophthalmic Research, Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Research Institute, USA
Carlos de Cabo de la Vega, PhD Senior Researcher, Neuropsychopharmacology Translational Research Unit, Albacete General Hospital, Albacete, Spain
Roberto Caminiti, MD Professor of Physiology, University of Rome SAPIENZA, Italy
John Capitanio, PhD Research Psychologist, Department of Psychology, Core Scientist, California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, USA
Marco Capogrosso, PhD Junior Group Leader, Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
Juan Carlos Marvizon, PhD Adjunct Professor of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles; Supervisor Research Chemist, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, USA
Fausto Caruana, PhD Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Vivien A Casagrande, PhD Professor, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Psychology, Opthalmology & Visual Sciences and Investigator Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, USA
Stephan Chabardes, MD PhD Professor of Neurosurgery, Université Grenoble Alpes, France
Beth K Chaffee, DVM PhD Assistant Professor of Comparative Medicine and Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
Franck Chaillan, PhD Associate Professor of Neuroscience, Aix-Marseille Université, France
Steve Chang, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology and of Neuroscience, Yale University, USA
C Elaine Chapman, PhD Professor, Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal (Canada)
Frédéric Chavane, PhD Director of Research, CNRS & Aix-Marseille University, France
Leonardo Chelazzi, MD PhD Professor of Physiology, University of Verona Medical School, Verona, Italy
Paul Cheney, PhD Professor of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, USA
Julia Chester, PhD Associate Professor of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, USA
Nela Cicmil, DPhil Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
Paul Cisek, PhD Associate Professor of Neuroscience, University of Montreal, Canada
Gemma Cockcroft Senior Research Assistant, Department of Physiology Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
Dana Cohen, PhD Senior Lecturer, The Gonda Brain Research Centre, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Yale E Cohen, PhD Professor, Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
Marlene Cohen Associate Professor, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, USA
Brian Corneil, PhD Professor of Physiology & Pharmacology; Psychology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
Gino Coude, PhD Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Grégoire Courtine Associate Professor, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), France
Trinity Crapse PhD, Postdoctoral fellow, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
J Crawford Downs, PhD Vice Chair of Research and Professor of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama, USA
Rudolf Cardinal PhD MD MRCP MRCPsych, University Lecturer, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
Paula Croxson, DPhil Assistant Professor of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, USA
Jonathon D Crystal, PhD Professor of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Director, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, USA
Javier Cudeiro, MD PhD Professor of Human Physiology, Department of Medicine, Director, Neuroscience and Motor Control group (NEUROcom), Biomedical Research Institute, University of A Coruña, Spain
Kathleen Cullen, PhD Professor of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, USA
Paul W Czoty, PhD Associate Professor of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, USA
William Davies, PhD Senior Lecturer, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, UK
Ben Deen, PhD Postdoctoral Associate, Laboratory for Neural Systems, Rockefeller University, USA
Cynthia Derdeyn, PhD Professor, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA
Annaelle Devergnas, PhD Associate Professor, School of Medecine, Emory University, USA
James J DiCarlo, MD PhD Professor of Neuroscience, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Anita Disney, PhD Assistant Professor of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, USA
Gregory A Dissen, PhD Senior Staff Scientist, Division of Neuroscience, West Campus IACUC Chair, Oregon National Primate Research Center, OHSU, USA
Claudia Distler, PhD Researcher, Department of Zoology & Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
Lars Dittrich, PhD Postdoctoral Researcher, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Germany
Ray Dolan Professor of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), UK
Jean-René Duhamel, PhD Director of Research, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, Lyon, France
John Duncan, DPhil Professorial Research Fellow, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
Alexander Ecker, PhD Postdoc, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Germany
Scott Edwards, PhD Assistant Professor of Physiology and Neuroscience, Lousiania State University Health Sciences Center, USA
Mark Eldridge, PhD Research Fellow, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, USA
Moein Esghaei, PhD Postdoc in Neuroscience, IPM School of Cognitive Sciences, Tehran, Iran
David Van Essen, PhD Alumni Endowed Professor of Neuroscience, Washington University, USA
David Euston, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
Stefan Everling, PhD Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, Canada
David Farningham PhD MRC Harwell Institute, Centre for Macaques, UK
Patrizia Fattori, PhD, Professor of Physiology, University of Bologna, Italy
Pier Francesco Ferrari, PhD Professor of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Stefano Ferraina, MD PhD Professor of Human Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Leonardo Fogassi Professor of Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Italy
Patrick A Forcelli, PhD Assistant Professor of Pharmacology & Physiology, Georgetown University
Charles P France, PhD Professor of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center, USA
Logan France, DVM Post-Doctoral Fellow in Laboratory Animal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
To see more names, go to:
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/sep/13/primate-research-is-crucial-if-we-are-to-find-cures-for-diseases-like-parkinsons?
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